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We do get that you are being deliberately obtuse.
LOL! I'm honestly, genuinely not.
A defeat device, as defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is any apparatus that unduly reduces the effectiveness of emissions control systems under conditions a vehicle may reasonably be expected to experience.[1][2]
The term originates from the US Clean Air Act,[3] and refers to anything that prevents an emissions control system from working.[4] The EPA has taken numerous enforcement actions against companies that have deliberately, or through error or negligence, allowed defeat devices to interfere with pollution controls at power plants, in motor vehicles, and elsewhere. Aftermarket car parts and accessories, such as exhaust or fuel system modification components, which affect emissions, are considered defeat devices.
"unduly reduces the effectiveness of emissions control systems"
Um........ LOL! OK. And where's the clause that addresses increasing the effectiveness of emissions control systems?
I'm going to stop going around in circles now, just for those people (not me!) that don't get it, haven't ever got it, and never will get it. I'm done with this, now pointless, thread.
Also in 1996, Ford reached a consent decree to spend $7.9 million to address a defeat device on 60,000 1997 model year Econoline vans which used a "sophisticated electronic control strategy designed to enhance fuel economy", disabling NOx emissions controls while the vans were driven at highway speeds, a circumstance not occurring during lab testing to verify emissions control compliance.[9]
In 1998, the EPA announced fines totaling $83.4 million against seven heavy truck manufacturers, the largest fine to date, which evaded testing by shutting down emissions controls during highway driving while appearing to be in compliance during lab testing.[10] The seven, Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Mack Trucks, Navistar International, Renault Trucks, and Volvo Trucks, also agreed to spend more than $1 billion to correct the problem.[11] The trucks used engine ECU software to engage pollution controls during the 20-minute lab tests to verify compliance with the Clean Air Act, but then disable the emissions controls during normal highway cruising, emitting up to three times the maximum allowed NOx pollution.[
"unduly reduces the effectiveness of emissions control systems"
Um........ LOL! OK. And where's the clause that addresses increasing the effectiveness of emissions control systems?
I'm going to stop going around in circles now, just for those people (not me!) that don't get it, haven't ever got it, and never will get it. I'm done with this, now pointless, thread.
Volcanic Gas
Magma is molten rock containing dissolved gases that are released to the atmosphere during an eruption and while the magma lies close to the surface from hydrothermal systems. The most abundant volcanic gas is water vapor; other important gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine. The gases are transported away from vents as acid aerosols, as compounds adsorbed on tephra and as microscopic salt particles. Sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine react with water to form poisonous acids damaging to the eyes, skin and repiratory systems of animals even in very small concentrations. The acids can destroy vegetation, fabrics and metals. Atmospheric veils of dust or acid aerosols caused by large-volume explosive eruptions can effect regional or global climate.
Most volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, but they can cause mass fatalities. An rare case of mass deaths by volcanic gases in 1986 at Lake Nyos, in Cameroon, West Africa. Tons of carbon dioxide spilled out of Lake Nyos, and flowed silently down a canyon and through 3 village occupied by 1700 people. They and 3000 cattle died instantly from lack of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide emissions are now being monitored at Mammoth Mountain, California.
To me, they passed the test and got the EPA certification; no discussion about that. The test itself is flawed and is a joke. VW just proved that with a software change (device, what device, was just programming).
Now, they are running like chickens with the head chopped off because they got defeated on their own scam. Read a report that other car manufacturers been doing the exact same thing for years; one more than another, but they all "cheated". I bet Oz does not have the same restrictions like California. Have any of you ever touched a California car? When you open the bonnet it says clear "Meets all the Emissions Test for 49 States"; that means the vehicle will fail with California standards. In their emission control system, is used an air pump for the Catalytic Converter. Heck, some G8/VE drivers cannot have Long Tube Headers and they have to settle for Shorties to pass their test. Even the PCM is re-flashed to get the Smog Check; once is done, back to the tuned version. I have seen people around, where I live without a Converter, just straight good ol' pipes, not even a muffler.
Guys, we are good at propaganda and litigation.
You need to worry about this more than VW cheating the CARB a flawed test.
Famous for its regular fireworks since Ancient times, Stromboli is one of the very few volcanoes in the world that is in near-constant activity.
The steam plume, full of acid gasses (SO2, HCl) is bent towards the NE. (Photo: Tom Pfeiffer)