Correct me if wrong,
There seems to be two types.
1. Is a sealer, makes the rust spots look black (maybe shiny clear coat) this just stops the moisture from attacking that rust from the visible side. If the moisture gets in from behind it just lifts that layer up.
2. a chemical that converts the iron oxide using phosphoric acid, by double displacement reaction. The light oxide layer protects the underlying metal from further rust.
You can primer coat and paint over both.